Climate Change

PROJECTED SURFACE TEMPERATURE CHANGES
2081-2100

In a synthesis report appended to the 5th report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) the introduction states "that human influence on the climate system is clear and growing, with impacts observed across all continents and oceans. Many of the observed changes since the 1950s are unprecedented over decades to millennia. The IPCC is now 95 percent certain that humans are the main cause of current global warming." In addition, the report finds that "the more human activities disrupt the climate, the greater the risks of severe, pervasive and irreversible impacts for people and ecosystems, and long-lasting changes in all components of the climate system...[s]tabilizing temperature increase to below 2°C relative to pre-industrial levels will require an urgent and fundamental departure from business as usual. Moreover, the longer we wait to take action, the more it will cost and the greater the technological, economic, social and institutional challenges we will face." ¹

The closest the world has come to legally binding coordinated climate change mitigation is the 2015 Paris Agreement to which 195 nations have (in principle) agreed to develop their own national approaches to "[h]olding the increase in the global average temperature to well below 2°C above pre-industrial levels and pursuing efforts to limit the temperature increase to 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels, recognizing that this would significantly reduce the risks and impacts of climate change". ² Whilst lauding the initiative (especially since it brings together the world's largest emitters: China and the United States), the European Union's Directorate General for Climate Action concludes that the sum total of measures proposed by the 189 individual nations who have prepared National Climate Plans will not be enough to achieve the agreement's primary aim of holding CO₂ emissions below a 2% increase. ³

Significant for global biodiversity is that the Paris Agreement also urges the retention of existing carbon sinks, which, if taken seriously, bodes well for the world's vegetated ecoregions and will encourage reforestation in accordance with Aichi target 15 of the Convention on Biological Diversity. Target 15 states that "[b]y 2020, ecosystem resilience and the contribution of biodiversity to carbon stocks has been enhanced, through conservation and restoration, including restoration of at least 15 per cent of degraded ecosystems, thereby contributing to climate change mitigation and adaptation and to combating desertification." ⁴

Reducing carbon emissions at their source and sequestering carbon through vegetation as the world is planning to do are prudent measures. More radical geoengineering proposals to manage a warming planet include chemically boosting the ocean's capacity to absorb carbon and altering the elemental composition of the atmosphere to enhance its albedo (deflection of light/heat).